Annual car sales worldwide 2010-2022, with a forecast for 2023, Number of cars sold in the U.S. 1951-2021, Battery electric vehicles in use worldwide 2016-2021, Annual gas prices in the United States 1990-2021, Automotive industry worldwide - statistics & facts, Motorcycle industry in the United States - statistics & facts, Profit from additional features with an Employee Account. This special nature is manifested in the bureaucratic organizational system with the integration of political centralization and financial decentralization [49], which can be referred to as an authoritarian system with regional decentralization [50, 51]. Earlier this month, in a triumph for Gov. In column (I), the explained variable is the total factor productivity of toll road industry (). For a new toll charge to be introduced, bye-laws must be introduced. Are the hundreds of millions of yuan in loans really used for new toll road construction? Whatever the case, toll-road operators like CMHP are careful not to base their investment decisions on the prospect of high toll rates. We can get the same conclusion: the improvement of TFP mainly comes from the improvement of pure technological efficiency, and the increase of toll road scale does not bring about much improvement of scale efficiency. Li [61] investigated the existing highway management system of Jilin Province and offered specific optimization suggestions. Q. L. Wang, Y. R. Zheng, Z. Y. Qiu, and X. P. Li, Appropriate degree of paternalism in state-owned economy of toll road industry, Economic Problems, vol. Some degree of support for cross-funding can also be justified by network benefits which arise from the fact that as the network is extended, the range of origins and destinations that can be effectively served is increased throughout the network, generating benefits on existing routes, and not just on the new sections. Hence, local governments are not only passive executors of central policies but also selective executors and sometimes even make local policy innovations [49]. Mao et al. October 28, 2021. The research on administrative monopoly and economic performance has gradually expanded from qualitative analysis to quantitative analysis to empirical testing of specific impact mechanisms. [16], Li et al. The numerous studies reach a consensus that a monopoly leads to significant X-inefficiency at different levels. Collection of tolls is a significant part of the cost of operating an Expressway, particularly as each new section involves a different company. For the panel data selected in this paper, the global reference DEA-Malmquist index is used to measure the operational efficiency of Chinas toll roads from 2010 to 2017. 2, pp. You can only download this statistic as a Premium user. The US$668 million project was financed by the state-owned China Communications Construction Company, CRBC's parent company. Starting July 1, 2019, drivers with prepaid FasTrak accounts with The Toll Roads who spend $40 in tolls on The Toll Roads (State Routes 73, 133, 241 and 261) during a statement period receive $1 off every toll accumulated on The Toll Roads the following statement period. 3, 2019. Social capital is financed, constructed, and operated under the governments franchise system, breaking administrative monopoly in the form of publicprivate cooperation. Share of toll roads in the total road network in China 2014-2020 Published by Statista Research Department , Oct 7, 2022 In 2020, toll roads made up a share of 3.45 percent of the overall. Therefore, the transformation from scale and monopoly into operational efficiency may encounter obstacles, resulting in the operational inefficiency of the whole sector. Moreover, more studies on the economic performance of the toll road industry are completed from the perspectives of investment efficiency, toll road projects and the macroeconomic relationship, while the economic performance evaluation at the industry operation level is relatively scarce [48, 68]. 218, 2019. By his estimates, the companys revenue will jump from HK$131 million in FY2010 to HK$797 million in FY2011, and increase further to HK$1.59 billion in FY2012. Road tolls have been widely used to help contribute to or to recover financing costs (and costs of operation and maintenance). C. H. Rong, Breaking administrative monopoly is the core issue to be solved in railway reform, Transport Research, vol. What are the specific expenses that are included in operational and management expenditure? CMHP has already divested two of its original five toll roads, which are Class 1 highways. Oso Parkway Bridge opened to drivers, pedestrians and community on January 13, 2021. T. Li, Study on the Expressway Management System of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Technology, Beijing, China, 2017. statistic alerts) please log in with your personal account. M. Amorim, A. Lobo, and A. Couto, Tolling motorways in the time of economic downturn: the case of Portugal, Transport, vol. You can also listen to the story in REAL AUDIO and WINDOWS MEDIA formats. In, Ministry of Transport of China. H. C. Xu, Y. Wang, and R. N. Jia, Research on efficiency of toll road dual-track operation system based on three stage DEA and tobit regression model, China Journal of Highway and Transport, vol. P. R. Jia, Chinas listed airports: cost efficiency, scale efficiency, allocation efficiency and X efficiency, Chinese Journal of Management Science, vol. Hypothesis 2 is corroborated from the perspective of the sector structure. The operation management system of toll highways refers to the organizational form and the acting mechanism that are intended to ensure the normal operation of toll highways. If we can do a placement, we reduce our gearing by half.. The best of the best: the portal for top lists & rankings: Strategy and business building for the data-driven economy: Industry-specific and extensively researched technical data (partially from exclusive partnerships). Kyith is the Owner and Sole Writer behind Investment Moats. Almost all Expressways are toll roads and located close to an existing parallel highway which may be free, or subject to a lower toll. Road tolls are critical for the success of the expressway program. Logistics costs account for 50 percent of commodity prices, 70 percent of agricultural and sideline products prices. The growth in the number of auto vehicles has exceeded the rate of economic growth in the past five years.. National Road Operating and Construction Company Ltd. (NROCC), is a fully state owned company. K. R. Shen and G. Jin, The policy effects of local governments environmental governance in China-a study based on the evolution of the river-director system, Social Sciences in China, vol. Before the administrative monopoly reaches the point of balance, its MR is greater than its MC. Will you take two minutes to complete a brief survey that will help us to improve our website? The forms of administrative monopoly in the toll highway industry mainly include the unity of government and enterprise, and the failure of regulation caused by it [4]; the government uses administrative power to exclude market competition in the concession stage [8]; and the hierarchical management system of toll highways. Perhaps its because the financial statement are in a mess and cannot be explained. The nonparametric method is represented by data envelopment analysis (DEA). Table 4 shows the parameter estimation results from formula (5), where (I), (II), and (III) are robust least squares estimation of heteroscedasticity using mixed cross-sectional data; (IV), (V), and (VI) are generalized method of moments (GMM) estimates of panel data. To test Hypothesis 2, the influence of administrative monopoly on toll road operating efficiency, we introduce an intersection term () of administrative monopoly () and toll road scale () into equation (5), obtaining the following model: The strength of administrative monopoly is defined at both provincial and sector levels. They have a good business model, says an analyst based in Hong Kong. Subsequently, China underwent miraculous economic growth, during which the rapid development of highway infrastructure played a pioneering role. Please do not hesitate to contact me. The use of an administrative monopoly not only incurs transaction costs but also reaps corresponding revenue. J. S. Yang and J. H. Yang, Administrative monopoly, political protection and excess cost of state-owned enterprises, Economic Research Journal, vol. High centralization of political power and personnel management power is closely combined with the high decentralization of administrative power and economic power. Overall, there is an increase in Chinas toll road operating efficiency (M) between 2010 and 2017. 5. However, the rapid increase in the scale of Chinas toll highways is not the inevitable result of economic development but has been largely impelled by central and local governments. For the construction of toll roads, charge management, maintenance, service area operations, etc., the market mechanisms can play a role, and the effective allocation of economic resources should be returned to the market to ensure the priority role of the market mechanisms in resource allocation. Chinas toll road system is a profitable monopoly industry. Moreover, a Province could also consider transforming its tolling system to a vignette system, which is an access payment system for the whole Provincial toll road system, such as is used in countries like Austria and Switzerland. Roads and bridges built by U.S. taxpayers are starting to be sold off, and so far foreign-owned companies are doing the buying. As the development of the Expressway system reaches a more mature stage (a total of about 108,000 km is targeted for 2015) some voices in China have been raised against either the principle of road tolls, or their practical application, or both. Serving a quarter of a million drivers each day on The Toll Roads, The Transportation Corridor Agencies continue to meet the region's growing needs for tax-free, congestion-free transportation alternatives. In practice, the excessive administrative monopoly of the toll road industry leads to the coexistence of the offside and the absence of the functions of the government industry authorities. Show publisher information In particular, with the extension of neoclassical growth theory, infrastructure analysis has entered the stage of normative analysis, and the studies of acting paths continue to be optimized [4245]. I tell them the share price is low because of lack of liquidity.. Use of tolling to help pay for Expressways is being increasingly adopted in countries whose highway capital and operating expenditure requirements outstrip public resources to pay for them. The Toll Roads are owned by the state of California and operated by The Transportation Corridor Agencies (TCA). Please create an employee account to be able to mark statistics as favorites. In addition, a large amount of all kinds of fines are privately collected. Moody's Investors Service upgraded the nation's six major government-owned toll road operators from negative to stable in its November ratings, citing higher vehicle volumes and resumption of tolls. Use Ask Statista Research Service. Milos Maricic, an international affairs expert and World Economic Forum contributor, concurred that while China owns close to $150 billion in U.S. companies - not particularly huge in comparison . 12, pp. R. Z. Pang, B. L. Liu, and T. Wang, Location, enterprise scale, ownership structure and cost efficiency: an empirical study based on 19 listed expressway enterprises in China, Journal of Central University of Finance & Economics, vol. Macquarie's first project in the U.S., the South Bay Expressway outside San Diego, filed for bankruptcy in 2010. Regionally, the average operating efficiency of central provinces from 2013 to 2017 is 1.0524, which is higher than that of the rest of the country. Under the constraint of the overall environment of the toll highway sector, operating toll highways actually present an operation management model similar to that of governmental loan-repayment highways. We are also considering a share placement, which is why we are doing this road show. 93116, 2018. He visited Singapore recently and spent two days selling the merits of the company to some 20 fund managers and investors. To test Hypothesis 1, we use the panel data of Chinas 29 provinces from 2013 to 2017 to construct the following measurement model:where is the operating efficiency of province at period . Toll roads now fell under the jurisdiction of public authorities financed by bonds. X. Mao, J. Gan, and X. Zhao, Debt risk evaluation of toll freeways in Mainland China using the grey approach, Sustainability, vol. Meanwhile, Jiangsu Expressway and Zhejiang Expressway distribute 70% of their earnings; Yuexiu Expressway distributes 60%; while Anhui Expressway and Shenzhen Expressway distribute 40% to 50%. The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Specifically, the government plans to phase out toll collection on Class 1 highways, where the speed limit is capped at 80kph. The unique management system of toll highways produces the market structure and property rights structure with Chinese characteristics. A. Ahmadabadi and G. Heravi, The effect of critical success factors on project success in Public-Private Partnership projects: a case study of highway projects in Iran, Transport Policy, vol. Notify me of follow-up comments by email. 13, 1991. As noted, toll collection is currently decentralized based on the tolls established of individual companies or in some cases based on a provincial system under which tolls are collected by the Province and reallocated to the companies operating in the Provinces. In recent studies, the estimated administrative monopoly degree of toll road industry is about 88.64% [47] or 81.8% [37], and the rent dissipation degree of government loan-repayment highways caused by administrative monopoly is about 63.5% [48]. The Expressway network has transformed the efficiency and effectiveness of inter-regional road transport in China. You need at least a Starter Account to use this feature. This is an open access article distributed under the. Recall that Sydney's toll road network is the most expensive and extensive in the world, comprising: M2 new M4 WestConnex M5 M7 M4 Eastern Distributor Cross-City Tunnel Lane Cove Tunnel Sydney Harbour Bridge Sydney Harbour Tunnel M4 tunnels M5 (from Beverly Hills to St Peters) M5 East (Beverly Hills to General Holmes Drive) M4-M5 link NorthConnex "Percentage of toll roads in the overall road mileage in China from 2014 to 2020." But strangely, this profitable monopoly industry reports huge losses year after year. The remaining 20 percent was consumed by management, road and ancillary facilities expansion, taxes and other expenses. Yet, it wasnt until July that it obtained approval from the authorities for the purchase of a 51% stake in the Yongtaiwen expressway for RMB 2.2 billion ($442 million). Annual traffic fines amount to 100 billion yuan ($15 billion). 10761151, 2011. 2, pp. Unlike most other state-owned toll-road operators, however, CMHPs assets arent confined to a specific province. When public resources become a public burden, the burden becomes heavier. About Us. Finally, Provinces that have a number of soundly-performing toll roads, but faced with demands for other new roads to meet growing traffic needs, might wish to consider concessioning existing roads for a period of time to private companies. A. N. Berger and L. J. Mester, Inside the black box: what explains differences in the efficiencies of financial institutions?, Journal of Banking and Finance, vol. statistic alerts) please log in with your personal account. 4, pp. Compared with the results of columns (II) and (IV) of Table 4, the results of Equations (II) and (IV) in Table 6 show that high toll highway density has a positive effect, instead of a nonsignificant effect, on the scale efficiency of the toll highway sector. 8, pp. Yong says that CMHPs announcement of an interim dividend of 2.5 cents a share for 1HFY2011 also helped stoke the positive sentiment. Currently, 82.5% of CMHP is owned by a unit of China Merchant Group. 173, no. A number of levels and institutions have been set up, and the increase in economies of scale is first shackled by the operating system. The sign and significance level of the core explanatory variables and the main control variables have not changed significantly, which means that the conclusion is stable and credible from the perspective of industry structure. How well do these arguments stand up against the real and enduring achievements of road tolling policies? Social costs incurred by the administrative monopoly include external efficiency loss (Harberger Triangle), internal efficiency loss (Leibenstein Quadrilateral), and rent dissipation (Tullock Rectangle) [46]. But strangely, this profitable monopoly industry reports huge losses year after year. In addition, it is rare to find papers that analyze the inefficient operation of the toll road industry from the perspective of economies of scale. In China, the rapid development of toll highways is powerfully impelled by the administrative forces of governments. Distribution of toll road mileage in China from 2017 to 2020, by ownership [Graph]. Statista. As a Premium user you get access to the detailed source references and background information about this statistic. A line forms at a highway toll station in Wuhan early on April 8 . However, whether financed through Provincial debt and equity, or through more private finance, the revenue from road tolling will remain critical for network construction for the foreseeable future. The amount of Expressway toll charged therefore affects the traffic level on both roads. Columns (I) and (II) list the least squares estimation results of heteroscedasticity robustness, and columns (III) and (IV) list the results of panel GMM estimation. However, these are all arguments for a more scientific and market-sensitive basis for setting tolls and not arguments against road tolling itself. J. Huang and J. Q. Liu, Morality: a good way to solve the problem of X inefficiency in family business governance, Journal of Urban Studies, vol. L. Castelli, R. Pesenti, and W. Ukovich, A classification of DEA models when the internal structure of the decision making units is considered, Annals of Operations Research, vol. When the administrative monopoly reaches a degree where the MR is equal to the MC, the effect of the administrative monopoly on the toll highway sector is optimal or rather appropriate. The estimated coefficient of toll road density is 6.851 and statistically significant, which is close to the estimate in column (I). Since the advent of toll highways in China, the central government has implemented the management system known as unified leadership and hierarchical management.

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